By: Jemma May R

Jemma May R — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 19:16:42 +0000

Adjuncts
Adverbs of time, place, frequency, degree and manner, together with Adverbials (phrases that have a function similar to Adverbs), all of which modify the Verb in the Clause or Sentence are known as Adjuncts
Adverbials
Phrases that function like Adverbs are known as Adverbials.
Adverbs
An Adverb is a word that can change the meaning of all sorts of grammatical categories, including Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns
There are a number of different types, such as Adverbs of time, place, frequency, degree and manner.
Articles
A and AN are the Indefinite Articles, used to show that a Countable Noun is Singular and doesn’t refer to any particular example of that Noun.
THE is the Definite Article, used to refer to a specific example of a Noun either Singular or Plural.
As
AS can be an Adverb, a Conjunction and a Relative Pronoun.
Auxiliary Verbs
An Auxiliary Verb is used together with another Verb to make a Question, make it NEGATIVE, give EMPHASIS, show Tense or a combination of these.
BE, DO and HAVE are the Auxiliary Verbs.
Conjunctions 2
Conjunctions, like AND, AS, BECAUSE, BUT and LIKE, join up information in a Sentence or Clause.
Conjuncts
A Conjunct links or relates what is said in two sentences, like HOWEVER; THEREFORE and NEVERTHELESS. Conjuncts are members of the wider group known as Conjunctions.
Countable & Uncountable Nouns
A Countable Noun can be Singular or Plural.
An Uncountable Noun does not have a Plural form.
Demonstratives
Demonstratives indicate a specific Noun or noun group. The category can be divided into two sub-categories; Demonstrative Adjectives, which are used with the Noun they point to, and Demonstrative Pronouns, which replace the Noun as well as pointing to it.
NB THIS; THAT; THESE and THOSE are identical whether they are functioning as Pronouns or Adjectives.
Determiners
Articles, Numerals, Possessive Adjectives, Quantifiers and Demonstrative Adjectives are all Determiners, which means that they restrict a Noun to a single example or to an identifiable group.
Disjuncts
A Disjunct modifies a whole Sentence or Utterance by expressing the speaker’s attitude, opinion or evaluation of what is being said. Disjuncts are members of the group known as Sentence (or Sentencial) Adverbs and Adverbials.
Ditransitive Verbs
Ditransitive Verbs can take a Direct Object and an Indirect Object.
Interrogative Adjectives
Question words, like WHAT and WHICH that accompany and ask for a Noun to be specified, identified or given a number are INTERROGATIVE Adjectives.
Interrogative Adverbs
Question words that affect the Verb in terms of concepts like TIME (WHEN), MANNER (HOW), REASON (WHY) or LOCATION (WHERE) are INTERROGATIVE Adverbs.
Interrogative Pronouns
Question words that act like Pronouns, like WHAT, WHICH, WHO and WHOM are called Interrogative Pronouns.
Intransitive Verbs do not take an Object
Only Transitive Verbs can have a Passive form.
Its & It’s
IT’S is a contraction of either “it is” or “it has”. (TAKES APOSTROPHE)
ITS shows possession. (NO APOSTROPHE)
Like
LIKE can be an Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Noun, Pronoun or Verb.
Modal Verbs
A Modal Verb is used to express the speaker’s ideas about such things as the possibility, intention, obligation and necessity of the action or state described by the Verb it accompanies.
CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, etc, are examples of Modal Verbs.
Monotransitive Verbs
MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS take a single Object.
Negative Pronouns
NO-ONE; NOBODY; NEITHER; NONE and NOTHING are the Negative Pronouns, which are used to replace a Noun or Noun Phrase and make it negative.
Noun Phrase
A Noun Phrase consists of a Noun together with any of the words that modify it, including Determiners and Adjectives
Numerals
Numerals are part of the family of Determiners and consist of Cardinal Numbers (one, two, three …) and Ordinal Numbers (first, second…).
Parts of Speech- Alone
As an Adjective, ALONE is Predictive - it cannot come before a Noun.
It is also an Adverb - live ALONE, etc.
Parts of Speech- Because
BECAUSE can be either an Adverb or a Conjunction
Parts of Speech- But
BUT is a Conjunction, Preposition & Adverb
Parts of Speech- Few
FEW, FEWER and FEWEST can used an Adjective, Noun or Pronoun
Parts of Speech- How
HOW can be either an Adverb or a Noun
Parts of Speech- If
IF is a Conjunction (occasionally a Countable Noun used in the Plural = IFS)
Parts of Speech- Just
JUST can be an Adjective or an Adverb. As an Adjective, it means being fair and doing what ought to be done.
Parts of Speech- Little
LITTLE, LESS and LEAST can be used as Adjectives, Nouns andPronouns
Parts of Speech- Many
MANY can be an Adjective, Noun or Pronoun
Parts of Speech- Much
MUCH, MORE and MOST can be used as Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns & Adverbs
Parts of Speech- Nevertheless
NEVERTHELESS = Adjective & Conjunction
Parts of Speech- Since
SINCE can be an Adverb, a Conjunction or a Preposition
Parts of Speech- These & Those
THESE is the Plural of this and, likewise, it can be a Demonstrative Adjective or a Demonstrative Pronoun
THOSE is the Plural of that. It can also be a Demonstrative Adjective or a Demonstrative Pronoun
Parts of Speech- This & That
THIS can be a Demonstrative Adjective or a Demonstrative Pronoun
THAT can be an Adverb, Conjunction, Demonstrative Pronoun, Adjective, or a Pronoun.
Parts of Speech- What
WHAT can be an Adjective, Adverb or a Pronoun
Parts of Speech- Where
WHERE can be an Adverb, Conjunction, Noun or Pronoun
Parts of Speech- Which
WHICH can be either an Adjective or a Pronoun
Parts of Speech- While
WHILE can be a Conjunction, Noun or Verb.
Parts of Speech- Who
WHO can be either an Adjective or a Pronoun
Parts of Speech- Whom
WHOM can be either an Adjective or a Pronoun
Parts of Speech- Why
WHY - Adverb or Noun
Personal Pronouns
I; YOU; SHE; HE; IT; WE; and THEY are the Personal Pronouns that can act as the Subject of a Verb.
ME; YOU; HER; HIM; IT; US and THEM are the Personal Pronouns that can act as the Object of a Verb.
NB: YOU and IT do not change and HER can also be used as a Possessive Adjective.
Possessive Adjectives
MY; YOUR; HER; HIS; ITS; OUR and THEIR are the Possessive Adjectives that are used to show who owns something.
NB: HER is the same when used in the Personal Pronoun form and HIS and ITS can also act as Possessive Pronouns.
Possessive Pronouns
MINE; YOURS; HERS; HIS; ITS; OURS & THEIRS are Possessive Pronouns that show who owns something and replace the Noun itself.
NB: HIS and ITS are the same when they are acting as Possessive Adjectives.
Prepositions
Prepositions like IN, OF and ON link Nouns, Pronouns & Gerunds to other words.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words that can replace or substitute a Noun or a Noun Phrase, inc. I; ME; MINE; MYSELF; SOME; ANY; NO; NOBODY; NO-ONE; NOTHING; THIS; THAT; THESE; THOSE; WHAT; WHICH; WHO and WHOM.
Quantifiers
Words that show how much of a Noun there is or how many examples of a Noun there are called Quantifiers, a category that includes Numerals and words like SOME and ANY; NONE; EITHER and NEITHER.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns show that an action works both ways:
James and Kate love EACH OTHER. (This means that James loves Kate and that Kate loves James)
Reflexive Pronouns
MYSELF; YOURSELF; HERSELF; HIMSELF; ITSELF; OURSELVES; YOURSELVES & THEMSELVES are the Pronouns used when the Subject and Object or complement of the Verb are the same.
NB: The second person (YOU) has either a Singular or Plural reference. THEMSELF and ONESELF are often used as an impersonal Singular reflexive pronoun when it isn’t clear if the person referred to is male or female.
Relative Pronouns
Words used to introduce clauses in sentences, like THAT; WHICH; WHO; and WHOSE are Relative Pronouns.
So
SO can be used to emphasise an Adjective, Adverb or a combination of Adverb + Adjective.
So & Such 1
SO can be an Adverb, Conjunction or Pronoun.
SUCH can be an Adjective, Adverb or Pronoun
Some & Any 1
SOME and ANY can be Pronouns or Quantifiers.
Spell
SPELL can both regular (SPELL\SPELLED\SPELLED) and irregular (SPELL\SPELT\SPELT).
Such
SUCH can be used to emphasise a Noun (with or without an Article), or an Adjective + Noun.
Themself & Themselves
THEMSELF is used as an alternative to HIMSELF or HERSELF when the Gender is unknown or indeterminate. It is, therefore, Singular, which some people use as grounds to find fault with it as a word and call it wrong.
THEMSELVES is Plural.
They’re, Their & There
THEY’RE = THEY ARE
THEIR = Possessive Adjective
THERE can be used as an Adverb or a Noun.
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verbs can take an Object.
Examples
Examples- Adjectives that look like Adverbs 1
BEASTLY; BROTHERLY; COSTLY; COWARDLY; DAILY; ELDERLY; FATHERLY; FORTNIGHTLY; FRIENDLY; GHASTLY; GHOSTLY; LEISURELY; LIKELY; LIVELY
Examples- Adjectives that look like Adverbs 2
LONELY; LOVELY; MONTHLY; MOTHERLY; NIGHTLY; SILLY; SISTERLY; TIMELY; UGLY; WEEKLY; YEARLY
Examples- Adverbials
IN FACT; ALL IN ALL; ALL TOLD; AFTER LUNCH; IN FRANCE
Examples- Adverbs of degree 1
ABSOLUTELY; WHOLLY; COMPLETELY; DEFINITELY; ENTIRELY; FAIRLY
Examples- Adverbs of degree 2
FULLY; NEARLY; PARTIALLY; SIMPLY; SURELY; THOROUGHLY; TOTALLY; UTTERLY
Examples- Adverbs of frequency 1
ALWAYS; USUALLY; GENERALLY; NORMALLY; FREQUENTLY; REGULARY; OFTEN; SOMETIMES
Examples- Adverbs of frequency 2
OCCASIONALLY; SELDOM; RARELY; NEVER; EVER; DAILY; WEEKLY; MONTHLY; YEARLY
Examples- Adverbs of manner 1
ANGRILY; BADLY; BEAUTIFULLY; CAREFULLY; CARELESSLY; CASUALLY; CHEERFULLY; CLEVERLY; CORRECTLY; FORMALLY; GENTLY
Examples- Adverbs of manner 2
HAPPILY; IMPOLITELY; INFORMALLY; UNHAPPILLY; KINDLY; LUCKILY; UNLUCKILY; POLITELY; POWERFULLY; QUICKLY; QUIETLY; RUDELY
Examples- Adverbs of manner 3
SADLY; SHYLY; SLOWLY; SOUNDLY; STUPIDLY; SWEETLY; SUDDENLY; THOROUGHLY; WELL; WILDLY
Examples- Adverbs of place 1
AHEAD; AROUND; BACK; DOWNHILL; DOWNSTAIRS; DOWNTOWN; HERE; THERE
Examples- Adverbs of place 2
INDOORS; INSIDE; LOCALLY; OUTDOORS; OUTSIDE; UPHILL; UPSTAIRS
Examples- Adverbs of time 1
AFTERWARDS; ALREADY; BEFOREHAND; EARLY; EVENTUALLY; FINALLY
Examples- Adverbs of time 2
JUST; LATELY; NOW; RECENTLY; SOON; STILL; TODAY; TOMORROW; YESTERDAY
Examples- Auxiliary Verbs 1
AM; ‘M; ARE; ‘RE; AREN’T; IS; ISN’T; WAS; WASN’T; WERE; WEREN’T; BE; BEING; BEEN
Examples- Auxiliary Verbs 2
DO; DON’T; DOES; DOESN’T; DID; DIDN’T
Examples- Auxiliary Verbs 3
HAVE; ‘VE; HAVEN’T; HAS; HASN’T; HAD; HADN’T; HAVING
Examples- Conjunctions 1
AND; AS; BECAUSE; BUT; LIKE; OR
Examples- Conjunctions 2
HOWEVER; ALTOGETHER; THEREFORE; THUS; HENCE; LIKEWISE; NEVERTHELESS; NONETHELESS
Examples- Conjunctions 3
ALTHOUGH; THOUGH; WHERE; WHEREVER; WHEREAS; WHILE
Examples- Conjunctions 4
IF; SO; THAT; UNLESS
Examples- Conjunctions 4
AFTER; BEFORE; SINCE; TILL; UNTIL; WHEN; WHENEVER
Examples- Conjunctions 5
WHEREBY; WHEREUPON; WHILST
Examples- Conjuncts
HOWEVER; ALTOGETHER; THEREFORE; THUS; HENCE; LIKEWISE; NEVERTHELESS; NONETHELESS
Examples- Definite Article
THE
Examples- Demonstrative Adjectives
THIS; THAT; THESE; THOSE
Examples- Demonstrative Pronouns
THIS; THAT; THESE; THOSE; NONE; NEITHER; ONE
Examples- Disjuncts 1
ADMITTEDLY; CERTAINLY; DEFINITELY, IN FACT; NATURALLY; FRANKLY; PERHAPS; STRANGELY
Examples- Disjuncts 2
POSSIBLY; REALLY; ACTUALLY; OFFICIALLY; SURPRISINGLY; FORTUNATELY; LUCKILY; PREFERABLY
Examples- Indefinite Article
A & AN
Examples- Interrogative Pronouns
WHAT; WHICH; WHO; WHOM
Examples- Modal Verbs
CAN; CANNOT; CAN’T; COULD; COULDN’T; MUST; MUSTN’T; WILL; WON’T; ‘LL; WOULD; WOULDN’T; SHALL; SHAN’T; SHOULD; SHOULDN’T; MAY; MAYN’T; MIGHT; MIGHTN’T; OUGHT; OUGHTN’T; NEEDN’T; DARE; DAREN’T
Examples- Negative Pronouns
NO-ONE; NOBODY; NEITHER; NONE & NOTHING
Examples- Numerals (Cardinal Numbers)
ZERO; ONE; TWO; THREE; FOUR; FIVE; SIX; SEVEN; EIGHT; NINE; TEN
0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10
Examples- Numerals (Ordinal Numbers)
FIRST; SECOND; THIRD; FOURTH; FIFTH; SIX; SEVENTH; EIGHTH; NINTH; TENTH
1st; 2nd; 3rd; 4th; 5th; 6th; 7th; 8th; 9th; 10th
Examples of Irregular Adjectives
BAD; WORSE; WORST; FAR; FURTHER; FARTHER; FURTHEST; FARTHEST; GOOD; BETTER; BEST; LITTLE; LESS; LEAST; MUCH; MANY; MORE; MOST
Examples of Some, Any & No 1
ANY; ANYONE; ANYBODY; ANYWHERE; ANYWAY; ANYHOW; ANYTHING; ANYPLACE
Examples of Some, Any & No 2
SOME; SOMEONE; SOMEBODY; SOMEWHERE; SOMEWAY; SOMEHOW; SOMETHING; SOMEPLACE
Examples of Some, Any & No 3
NO; NOONE; NO-ONE; NOBODY; NOWHERE; NOHOW; NOTHING
Examples- Parts of Speech
Adjectives; Adverbs; Articles; Auxiliary Verbs; Conjunctions; Ditransitive Verbs, Gerunds ; Infinitives; Intransitive Verbs; Modal Verbs; Nouns; Prepositions; Pronouns; Relative Pronouns; Transitive Verbs
Examples- Personal Pronouns (Object)
ME; YOU; HER; HIM; IT; US & THEM
Examples- Personal Pronouns (One)
ONE, ONE’S and ONESELF can be used as Impersonal Pronouns, but they are rather old-fashioned now.
Examples- Personal Pronouns (Subject)
I; YOU; SHE; HE; IT; WE; & THEY
Examples- Possessive Adjectives
MY; YOUR; HER; HIS; ITS; OUR & THEIR
Examples- Possessive Pronouns
MINE; YOURS; HERS; HIS; ITS; OURS & THEIRS
Examples- Prepositions 1
AT; BY; IN; INTO; OFF; ON; ONTO; TO UNDER
Examples- Prepositions 2
ABOUT; ABOVE; AFTER; ALONG; AMONG; AROUND
Examples- Prepositions 3
FOR; FROM; OF; OVER; PAST; TOWARD; TOWARDS THROUGH
Examples- Prepositions 4
SINCE; TILL; UNTIL; WITH; WITHOUT
Examples- Prepositions 5
AMID; AMIDST; AMONGST
Examples- Prepositions 6
BEFORE; BEHIND; BELOW; BESIDE BETWEEN
Examples- Quantifiers 1
SOME; MUCH; MANY; FEW; LITTLE; SEVERAL; A LOT OF; LOTS OF; HALF; PLENTY OF; 1; 1st
Examples- Quantifiers 2
ALL; ANY; EVERY; EACH; BOTH; ENOUGH; NEITHER; EITHER; NONE; NO
Examples- Quantifiers 3
MORE; MOST; FEWER; FEWEST; LESS; LEAST
Examples- Reciprocal Pronouns
EACH OTHER; ONE ANOTHER
Examples- Reflexive Pronouns
MYSELF; YOURSELF; HERSELF; HIMSELF; ITSELF; ONESELF; OURSELVES; OURSELVES; THEMSELVES; & THEMSELVES
Examples- Relative Pronouns
THAT; WHICH; WHO; WHOM; WHOSE
Examples- Sentencial Adverbs 1
YES; NO
Examples- Words that can give emphasis 1
REALLY; SO; SUCH
Examples- Words that can give emphasis 2
MYSELF; YOURSELF; HERSELF; HIMSELF; ITSELF; OURSELVES; YOURSELVES; THEMSELVES (Reflexive Pronouns)
Examples- Words that can give emphasis 3
DO + (Adverb + Verb); DOES + (Adverb + Verb); DID + (Adverb + Verb)
Examples- Words that can give emphasis 4
HOW + Adjective or Adjectival Phrase
WHAT + Noun or Noun Phrase Jemma May R

By: Isabelle

Isabelle — Tue, 31 Aug 2010 07:43:02 +0000

I’d like to help but since being on Y/A my English has gone WAY DOWN !!!

Seriously : has a neat website for English as a second language. Isabelle

By: rn491964

rn491964 — Sat, 28 Aug 2010 15:24:49 +0000

Here are the rules for when to use “A, An or The”:

a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn’t he?
The first time you speak of something use “a or an”, the next time you repeat that object use “the”.
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as “The United States”.
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university. (though in USA they say” I go to the university”)
He comes to work by taxi. rn491964

Comments on: Learning English?

By: Jemma May R

By: Isabelle

By: rn491964